Technological Progress

The word technology is often described the discovery and tool use principles and process of scientific discovery that was discovered. However, the discovery of a very long time as the wheels could be called technology.

Other definitions (used in economics) is a technology viewed from the present status of our knowledge in how to combine resources to produce the desired product (and our knowledge of what can be produced). Therefore, we can see technological change when our technical knowledge increases.

An astronaut in space technology or trade has more than one definition. One is the development and application of tools, machinery, materials and processes that help people solve the problem. As a human activity, technology start before science and engineering.

There are three basic classifications of technological progress, namely:

1.) Advances in technology that are neutral (in English: neutral technological progress)

Occurs when the level of expenditure (output) is higher achieved with a combination of quantity and income factors (input) the same.

2.) The progress of labor-saving technology (English: labor-saving technological progress)

The technological advances that have occurred since the late nineteenth century was marked by many rapidly growing labor-saving technology in producing everything from nuts to bike up to the bridge.

3.)  Capital-saving technological progress (English: capital-saving technological progress)

The phenomenon is relatively rare. This is mainly due to almost all technological and scientific research in the world conducted in developed countries, which is intended to save labor, not capital.

In its simplest form, technological advances resulting from the development of old methods or the invention of new methods in solving the traditional tasks such as grow crops, make clothes, or build a house.

Experience in various developing countries shows that direct intervention is excessive, especially in the form of government regulation is too strict, in the market for foreign technology actually inhibits the flow of foreign technology to developing countries.

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History of Creation of Electronic Computers

Development in the sixties chips - the whole devices and knots from tens and hundreds the transistors fulfilled on one chip of the semiconductor ( that now name as chips ) has led to creation of the COMPUTER of 3rd generation.

During the same times there is a semiconducting memory which and in used to this day in personal computers as the operative. Application of chips has much more increased possibilities of the COMPUTER. Now the central processing unit has had an opportunity in a parallel way to work and contol numerous peripheral units.

COMPUTERS could handle simultaneously some programs (a multiprogramming principle). As a result of implementation of a principle of multiprogramming there was a possibility of operation in a time sharing in the dialog mode. The users remote from the COMPUTER had an opportunity, independently from each other, operatively to co-operate with the computer.

These years production of computers gains industrial scope. The IBM which has made the way in leaders of the first realised the COMPUTER set - a series completely computers compatible with each other from the smallest, in size with a small case (it is less then yet did not do), to the most powerful and expensive models. IBM System/360 set was the most widespread those years.

Since the COMPUTER of 3rd generation, development of serial COMPUTERS became traditional. Though computers of one series strongly differed from each other by possibilities and productivity, they were is informational, program and is hardware are compatible. For example, the countries SEV have been released the COMPUTER of a uniform series («COMPUTER EC») "EC-1022", "EC-1030", "EC-1033", "EC-1046", "EC-1061", reached "EC-1066", etc. Productivity of these computers from 500 thousand to 2 million operations a second, the RAM size reached from 8 MB to 192 MB.
Electronics also concerns the COMPUTER of this generation «IВМ-370», «— 100/25», «Electronics — 79», «CM-3», «CM-4», etc.
For COMPUTER series the software (operating systems, high-level languages, applications etc.) has been strongly expanded.  

Low quality of electronic accessories was a weak place of the Soviet COMPUTERS of the third generation. From here constant backlog from the western developments on speed, weight and dimensions, but as developers of SM insist, not on functionality.

In the beginning 60 there are first minicomputers - the small low-power computers accessible under the price to small corporations or laboratories. Minicomputers represented the first step on path to the personal computers which trial samples have been released only in the mid-seventies. The known set of minicomputers PDP of Digital Equipment corporation has served as a prototype for the Soviet series of computers SEE

Meanwhile the quantity of units and connections between them, finding room in one chip, permanently grew, and in 70th years chips contained already thousand transistors. It has allowed to unite the majority of components of the computer in a unique small detail - as Intel corporation has made in 1971, having released the first microprocessor which intended for only just appeared desktop calculators. This invention could make the present revolution next decade - after all the microprocessor is heart and soul of the modern personal computer.

But there is more to come - really, the boundary of 60 and 70th years was fatal time. In 1969 the first global computer network - a germ of has arisen that we now name as the Internet. And in the same 1969 there was simultaneously Unix operating system and the programming language "C" , made huge impact on the program world and till now saving the advanced position.

 

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